Concussions & Post Concussion Syndrome

Cutting Edge Medical Research From Impact To Recovery

FREE Ticket Brain Health Summit

Concussions, head injury, and Secondary Injury

Your Brain and Your Perceived Reality

by

How the brain and it’s processing influences our perception of reality

The World as Spinning Tops

We are energy beings, each along our independent journey while part of a collective.

Take a moment with me and picture individuals as spinning tops all independently spinning apart from each other.

Each top is a whirlwind of an individual’s thoughts, emotions, feelings, filters, triggers, responses, beliefs, goals, fears, trials and so on.

Throughout time, the tops bump into each other sparking some type of interaction either positive or negative maybe even indifferent at times.

Each of these tops are spinning independently on their own journey, while being and existing as part of a collective.

Our primal computing system the brain incorporates filters, blueprints, and beliefs, projecting our perceived reality on the canvas around us.

You see, every spinning top or person is wired a certain way and their response is going to be one that is consistent with their computing projections based on their personal blueprint, filters, meaning, story and belief system among others.

Why is it then that we are so surprised offended or even caught off guard when some people respond or treat us in a certain way?

Does this resonate with you? Someone in the office or your social circle doesn’t like you, but you cannot figure out why. In your mind, you have not done anything to this person. Possibly, the two of you barely even talk. What could they possibly have against you?

You see, before the verbal dialogue even takes place, each individual’s computing system, their primal brain is processing billions of bits of information in a Mila second to deduce a response with one intention in mind, SURVIVAL.

Now back to the colleague, possibly, the individual could have had somebody else in their life with similar hair or that dressed like you and this individual left information in their brain… Now comes the projected translation and processing of you across their blueprint, through a filter of memories and an action protentional in the neurons produces triggers inside of them.

All of this is happening at magnanimous processing speeds. Before you even speak a word, your mere presence can set them off or vice versa. Has anyone ever rubbed you the wrong way and you’re not quite sure why, you just would rather not be around them.

Maybe, you think you know why, but if the finger is pointing outwards, I would suggest you reflect and see what lies beneath the shadows and past the projections of perceived reality.

If you are feeling courageous, consider this possibility, you are just recording a meaning and creating a story regarding how they feel about you based on your own belief systems, projections and triggers.

What if they actually secretly like you? One option could be there is a wonderful characteristic about you that this person wishes they had in themselves and being around you only illuminates their feeling of vulnerability, the shadows, triggering inside of them one of the two basic human fears, that they are not enough. [we all have them!]

Possibly, their response towards you, once processed in your computing system evokes an emotion and triggers within you the other basic human fear that you will not be loved.

The two foundational human fears at the bottom of it all are:

1. We are not enough

2. We will not be loved

Primal collective fears exists and one in specific is that something is out to eat us!

Now in reflection; if you consider this massive computing device the brain, with primal instincts of survival, influenced by the basic human fears, projecting reality around us and charged by emotions [ions in motion].

Should we really be that shocked… Why can’t we all just get along?

Carl Jung, a psycho-analyst and the father of “Shadow Work”; teaches in detail how humans can illuminate the shadows or hidden areas for growth in each other. For example, when we are expanding into our full potential or fullness of light we can bring out “the haters” and vice versa.

We have all hated on someone at some point in time at no fault to them.

Regardless of what the reason might be, the point is, that their behavior has nothing to do with you. Yet how often do we make other people’s issues about us.

Let’s look at another scenario. Maybe you have a boss, somebody in authority or in charge of a committee that rules by being condescending, belittling or with angry fits. An individual that uses those forms of communication or tactics to govern will do so regardless of who interacts with them. Therefore, it has nothing to do with you and is not all about you.

We are individuals and at the same time part of a collective. Discoveries are showing that not only do we have our own personal shadows, but we have shadows as a collective, and generational trauma can be passed down.

Behavior therapists are learning that the grandchildren of holocaust survivors also can exhibit ptsd like traumatic emotional stressors even though they themselves were not there personally experiencing the horrific events of their grandparents.

Furthermore, remembering that as a collective, we hold within us, on a cellular level, the fear of “being eaten”, as humans were hunted for food in primitive societies.

When we understand this concept of projections and the shadow, we can let go of offense and be free of outside added drama, emotional stresses and added triggers.

Try keeping this information in consideration, the next time you come across these scenarios before you default to your primal human nature and say something that you might later regret or react to a trigger.

Everything is a projection.

As humans, we are only reacting to the stimuli that has traveled through one of our filters, past our blueprint, processed in this primal computing system designed to keep us alive and running from danger “fight or flight response”, stimulating emotion, setting off the trigger and generating a response.

Introspection and Reflection

The next time you see someone having an emotional response, before you counter that response with an emotional trigger of your own, picture them as a top spinning on their own journey of life, as are you, both part of the collective. One option could be to give them space and let them work it out within themselves. See it for what it is with this new perspective of awareness. Take responsibility and accountability for your personal actions, connect with your breath, balance yourself, find your inner peace and spin along.

Follow this link for our Brain Health VIP body scan guided meditation to assist you in maintaining a balanced calm state.

What Someone Who Has a Concussion or TBI Wants You To Know

by

I need a lot more rest than I used to. I’m not being lazy. I get physical fatigue as well as a “brain fatigue.” It is very difficult and tiring for my brain to think, process, and organize. Fatigue makes it even harder to think.

My stamina fluctuates, even though I may look good or “all better” on the outside. Cognition is a fragile function for a brain injury survivor. Some days are better than others. Pushing too hard usually leads to setbacks, sometimes to illness.

Brain injury rehabilitation takes a very long time; it is usually measured in years. It continues long after formal rehabilitation has ended. Please resist expecting me to be who I was, even though I look better.

I am not being difficult if I resist social situations. Crowds, confusion, and loud sounds quickly overload my brain, it doesn’t filter sounds as well as it used to. Limiting my exposure is a coping strategy, not a behavioral problem.

If there is more than one person talking, I may seem uninterested in the conversation. That is because I have trouble following all the different “lines” of discussion. It is exhausting to keep trying to piece it all together. I’m not dumb or rude; my brain is getting overloaded!

If we are talking and I tell you that I need to stop, I need to stop NOW! And it is not because I’m avoiding the subject, it’s just that I need time to process our discussion and “take a break” from all the thinking. Later I will be able to rejoin the conversation and really be present for the subject and for you.

Try to notice the circumstances if a behavior problem arises. “Behavior problems” are often an indication of my inability to cope with a specific situation and not a mental health issue. I may be frustrated, in pain, overtired or there may be too much confusion or noise for my brain to filter.

Patience is the best gift you can give me. It allows me to work deliberately and at my own pace, allowing me to rebuild pathways in my brain. Rushing and multi-tasking inhibit cognition.

Please listen to me with patience. Try not to interrupt. Allow me to find my words and follow my thoughts. It will help me rebuild my language skills.

Please have patience with my memory. Know that not remembering does not mean that I don’t care.

Please don’t be condescending or talk to me like I am a child. I’m not stupid, my brain is injured and it doesn’t work as well as it used to. Try to think of me as if my brain were in a cast.

If I seem “rigid,” needing to do tasks the same way all the time; it is because I am retraining my brain. It’s like learning main roads before you can learn the shortcuts. Repeating tasks in the same sequence is a rehabilitation strategy.

If I seem “stuck,” my brain may be stuck in the processing of information. Coaching me, suggesting other options or asking what you can do to help may help me figure it out. Taking over and doing it for me will not be constructive and it will make me feel inadequate. (It may also be an indication that I need to take a break.)

You may not be able to help me do something if helping requires me to frequently interrupt what I am doing to give you directives. I work best on my own, one step at a time and at my own pace.

If I repeat actions, like checking to see if the doors are locked or the stove is turned off, it may seem like I have OCD — obsessive-compulsive disorder — but I may not. It may be that I am having trouble registering what I am doing in my brain. Repetitions enhance memory. (It can also be a cue that I need to stop and rest.)

If I seem sensitive, it could be an emotional response as a result of the injury or it may be a reflection of the extraordinary effort it takes to do things now. Tasks that used to feel “automatic” and take minimal effort, now take longer, require the implementation of numerous strategies and are huge accomplishments for me.

I need a cheerleader now, as I start over, just like children do when they are growing up. Please help me and encourage all efforts. Please don’t be negative or critical. I am doing the best I can.

Don’t confuse Hope for Denial. I am, We are learning more and more about the amazing brain and there are remarkable stories about healing in the news every day. It would be easy to give up without Hope.

 

Find more helpful hints on how to deal with and recover from a concussion or TBI, from impact to recovery.

What You Don’t know About Concussions, The Secondary Injury

by

WARNING: The link below may be emotional for some audiences:

View My Son’s Post Concussive Seizures Here

 

The Secondary Injury
Though each traumatic brain injury (TBI) and concussion are unique to each individual, medical science has discovered that the occurrences that follow during the secondary injury are proven to be probable and foreseeable. While the biological events occur in a very calculable fashion, the degree of damage during the secondary injury can be altered if the appropriate measures are taken.
In order to effectively be able to treat a TBI or concussion you must be aware of what takes place during the secondary injury following the initial, also called primary injury.
A multiple of very calculated sequential events occur in the brain; contributing to symptoms, or an increase in symptoms, that can continue for up to 48 hours after the initial primary injury has taken place.
There are three major events that take place effecting brain function during the secondary injury.
1. Ionic shifts
2. Metabolic Changes
3. Impaired neurotransmission

In this blog, we will be covering excerpts from Keys2Concussion’s book, The Complete Concussion Protocol.

The events that take place after the initial head injury or primary injury are referred to as the secondary injury. Most individuals aren’t aware that this secondary injury even takes place.
The secondary injury welcomes an entire new set of symptoms and damaging effects. It is because of this secondary injury that the current concussion assessments on the sidelines during sporting events might not be enough.

Any time the brain suffers a violent force or movement, the soft, floating brain is slammed against the skull’s uneven and rough interior. The internal lower surface of the skull is a rough, bony structure that often damages the fragile tissues within the brain as it moves across the bone surface. The brain may even rotate during this process. This friction can also stretch and strain the brain’s threadlike nerve cells called axons.

When the head has a rotational movement during trauma, the brain moves, twists, and experiences forces that cause differential movement of brain matter. This sudden movement or direct force applied to the head can set the brain tissue in motion even though the brain is well protected by the skull and very resilient.

Upon impact and severe motion brain cells called neurons can be stretched and often squeezed, completely tearing. Neural cells require a precise balance and distance between cells to efficiently signaling and sending messages between cells.  The stretching and squeezing of brain cells from these forces can change the precise balance, which can result in problems in how the brain processes information.

Different cognitive functions can be altered depending on the area of the brain that has been effected by the trauma.

Though the stretching and swelling of the axons may seem relatively minor or microscopic, the impact on the brain’s neurological circuits can be significant.  Even a “mild” injury can result in significant physiological damage, behavioral and emotional imbalances, and cognitive deficits.

If a person’s head is whipped around, a small tearing effect called shearing occurs throughout the brain, resulting in a diffuse axonal injury. Axons are the hair-like extensions of nerve cells that transmit messages. In a diffuse axonal injury, the messages either get mixed up, or they don’t come through at all.

Click here to receive the full report FREE on this secondary injury and What You Don’t Know About Concussions

Now Available The Concussion Recovery Guide

by

The mysteries of concussions are as great as the debts of the brain itself; however, much scientific research and studies have been done to shed some light on these previously uncharted waters.

In 2012, the CDC estimated 329,290 children, age 19 and under, were treated in emergency medical departments for concussions, or mild traumatic brain injuries, also known as, MTBI.  In 2015, a Harris Poll finds that nearly 90% of Americans cannot correctly identify, nor define a concussion and are not aware of, or are familiar with, the post-concussion You are not alone. Hundreds of thousands of people have faced concussions and TBI’s. There is a community, a family and a network of support here for you!

According to the DVBIC, the Defense Department’s office responsible for tracking traumatic brain injury (TBI) data in the U.S. military, since 2000, 361,092 military enlisted have sustained a traumatic brain injury. 

With such astronomically high statistics, we can no longer afford to be un-educated and un-prepared in the face of concussions.

TBI’s including concussions are the number one cause of unintentional death and disability among children. They rob professional athletes of their livelihood, and their footprints torment our heroes and veterans of war.

The Concussion Recovery Guide coaching program is your guide from “Impact to Recovery”. The first 48 hours following a concussion are crucial in determining the impact and long term effects on the concussed individual. No concussion or TBI are the same. They are as unique as their victims. The Complete Concussion Protocol is supported by cutting edge research, describing, what you don’t know about concussions, and metabolic upset including the neurological cascade that follows during the first 48 hours. Through simple explanations and supported by medical research, The Complete Concussion Protocol will walk you through the concussion journey from the initial impact through the recovery stages. In section one, you will learn what to do and what not to do in the “First 48 hours” following a concussion. 

You will learn: 
  • How to identify concussions and post -concussion syndrome, what tests doctors use to diagnose a concussion and Post-Concussion Syndrome. 
  • You will be provided with a step by step symptom tracker and plan for safe recovery. 
  • You will learn how to eat to help the brain heal after a concussion, including food lists itemizing what to eat and what not to eat to best aid in brain health. 
  • In section three, “The Aftermath” you will receive a personalized reintegration plan; including emotional healing, how to work with educators and employers, and the creation of your personalized concussion protocol plan. 

This book utilizes helpful links, PDF documents with instructions to walk you through the planning and recovery stages. The brain health recommendations and reintegration program techniques were developed to include our veteran heroes and to help support their efforts in recovery from PTSD. 

Doctor’s have a saying when it comes to concussions. It is, “if you’ve seen one concussion, you’ve seen one concussion.” Concussions are as unique as each individual.
 

This concussion recovery system is your guide through the entire concussion recovery process, from impact to recovery.

FINAL NOTE:
It’s important to not get over whelmed, stressed out or to give up. Remain patient and persistent while you learn what works best, this will help ensure your success through this program. Remember, no two concussions are ever the same,even in the same individual, and everyone’s personal experience will be different. This plan is designed to help you create a system that works best for you and your situation. 

My Son’s Story

by

 

My Son’s Concussion Journey

“I feel so dumb; I don’t know what’s wrong with me.”  These were the words my son told me after suffering from his first concussion unbeknownst to me.

I was unaware of the fact that he had suffered a concussion.  I had no first-hand experience with concussions.  I looked at his pupils with a light and asked him to follow my finger with his eyes.  He didn’t pass out or vomit, so I thought we were in the clear.

That was the extent of my education and concussion screening.  After sitting down and icing his head for a couple of minutes and with no visible marks, this active 9-year-old boy asked to go outside to play soccer with his friends.  Naturally, I thought he must be ok, and released him to his free will.

After a persistent headache, the following day I took him in for a CAT scan and evaluation.  The CAT scan results came back normal, and it was not ruled a concussion, at this time.

It wasn’t until three days later when the memory loss was apparent, and we realized the severity of the concussion.

Things quickly got worse, headaches, memory loss, lethargy, depression, anxiety, sleeplessness, and even seizures.

It was the height of the hockey playoffs which he had followed religiously with his father.  He knew every player by name.  However, all of that knowledge had suddenly disappeared.   We realized something was wrong when he could not follow a conversation and repeatedly would begin speaking only to say never mind. He literally, was at a loss for words.  He repeatedly asked for the time and had a perplexed look fixed on his face when we would engage him in conversation.

Anxiety began to set in as he drew more and more blanks and realized he couldn’t remember people or events that we could.  “I feel dumb,” he said, as he could no longer complete his math homework.  He forgot all of the multiplication facts he had just recently mastered.

Unfortunately, in my son’s case we were unaware that he suffered a concussion, so we did not follow the proper concussion protocol and steps to protect him from more neurological strain, and post-concussive syndrome soon became his reality.

Severe migraines and vertigo lasted for the first month, while sleep disturbances became more evident and emotionally he was not himself.  He was placed on a homebound school program since he could perform only minimal tasks while symptoms persisted.  However, to my surprise, the school did not have a concussion plan ready to implement.  I was left to educate his educators on his condition even though, I was still learning.

Unfortunately, many people, including myself, did not understand the after-math of a concussion and it was a long difficult journey.  After initially being cleared from his concussion, the dizziness, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and headaches were so bad they were debilitating.  The school believed that since outwardly he appeared to be fine, and projected the attitude of disbelief of his expressed continued symptoms.

Due to the nature of concussion and post-concussion syndrome, the majority of the battle was an inner struggle with no outside visible marks.  Because of this, he was often accused of “milking it” or “making things up.”  I believe this was partly due to the lack of information, education and complexity of this subject.

Unfortunately, my son’s relationships with concussions would not end with one, partly due to the severity of the initial concussion.  Research shows that once you receive a concussion your chances of getting another one increase up to 3X and it takes much less of a severe hit to the head each time.

He suffered another concussion in 2015 at school when a classmate playfully pulled his chair out from underneath him sending him falling back hitting his head on a desk.

The third concussion occurred in 2016 by what was considered a mild blow to the head during football practice.  Both times the familiar feeling of concussion filled his head, and he was immediately evaluated, and the proper steps in our concussion protocol began.

Never again would I make the same mistake, and be caught off guard by a concussion.  I was in control of the situation and ready to help by son.  I will never forget that feeling of helplessness.  No price can be placed on being prepared once a concussion takes place.

It was through these experiences that I met other individuals also suffering from the effects of concussions and I realized there was a lack of adequate information and direction for those needing answers, like myself after my son’s first concussion.

I also realized how many people were so unaware of the debilitating effects that concussions and TBI’s could bring.

It was this reason that I sought to create The Concussion Recovery Guide, initial for my son.  As I  began to implement the information I had learned and research in my own son’s life, I experienced bitter sweet emotions.  I was elated and grateful to have answers and a plan for my son, while at the same time, I was frustrated that I could not find this information in its totality after his initial concussion.

It was during that epiphany that I realized, the information I used to help my son needed to be documented and put to print for others out there struggling and searching for solutions and answers.

The information in this program is a composition of scientific and medical research, case studies, and real life applications brought together over a span of 5 years.

I have such gratitude in knowing my son didn’t suffer in vain. I believe as challenging as it can get, life happens for us and our family struggles brought answers that can help others.

I have compiled my research and findings in a free article  What You Don’t Know About Concussions.

This article will fill in the gaps regarding what goes on in the brain during and after impact and astound you as you discover hard truths like why sideline concussion screenings simply aren’t enough just to name a couple. 

Click here more information regarding the complete Concussion Recovery Guide Program including Audios, Videos, pdf’s and tools and techniques to help guide and support your intentions during the recovery  process. 

(CTE) Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

by

What is CTE?

According to the Boston University Research Center and the Concussion Legacy Foundation; Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain found in people with a history of repetitive brain trauma (often athletes), including symptomatic concussions as well as asymptomatic sub-concussive hits to the head that do not cause symptoms. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is found in athletes, military veterans, and others with a history of repetitive brain trauma.

 In CTE, a protein called Tau forms clumps that slowly spread throughout the brain, killing brain cells. CTE has been seen in people as young as 17, but symptoms do not generally begin appearing until years after the onset of head impacts.

CTE has been known to affect boxers since the 1920’s (when it was initially termed punch drunk syndrome or dementia pugilistica). Just take a look at the degenerative  Mohamed Ali and the aggression of Mike Tyson.

In recent years, reports have been published of neuropathologically confirmed CTE found in other athletes, including football and hockey players (playing and retired), as well as in military veterans who have a history of repetitive brain trauma. CTE is not limited to current professional athletes; it has also been found in athletes who did not play sports after high school or college.

Early symptoms of CTE usually appear in a patient’s late 20s or 30s, and affect a patient’s mood and behavior. Some common changes seen include impulse control problems, aggression, depression, and paranoia.

As the disease progresses, some patients may experience problems with thinking and memory, including memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, and eventually progressive dementia. Cognitive symptoms tend to appear later than mood and behavioral symptoms, and generally first appear in a patient’s 40s or 50s. Patients may exhibit one or both symptom clusters. In some cases, symptoms worsen with time (even if the patient suffers no additional head impacts). In other cases, symptoms may be stable for years before worsening.

The repeated brain trauma triggers progressive degeneration of the brain tissue, including the build-up of an abnormal protein called tau. These changes in the brain can begin months, years, or even decades after the last brain trauma or end of active athletic involvement. The brain degeneration is associated with common symptoms of CTE including memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, impulse control problems, aggression, depression, suicidal thoughts or tendencies, Parkinsonism, and eventually progressive dementia.

In the photographs below, the brain tissue has been immunostained for tau protein, which appears as a dark brown color.

Tau immunostained sections of medial temporal lobe from 3 individuals:

Whole brain section from a 65 year old control subject showing no tau protein deposition.Whole brain section from a 73 year old world champion boxer with severe dementia showing very severe tau protein deposition in the amygdala and thalamus.Whole brain section from John Grimsley showing abundant tau protein deposition in the amygdala and adjacent temporal cortex.

Microscopic section from 65 year old control subject showing no tau protein deposition.Microscopic section from John Grimsley showing numerous tau positive neurofibrillary tangles and neurites in the amygdala.Microscopic section from a 73 year old world champion boxer with severe dementia showing very severe tau protein deposition in the amygdala and thalamus.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF CTE
CTE was first described in 1928, when Dr. Harrison Martland described a group of boxers as having “punch drunk syndrome.” Over the next 75 years, several researchers reported similar findings in boxers and victims of brain trauma, but fewer than 50 cases were confirmed. In 2005, a pathologist named Bennet Omalu published the first evidence of CTE in an American football player: former Pittsburgh Steeler Mike Webster. Shortly thereafter, the Concussion Legacy Foundation partnered with Boston University and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs to form the VA-BU-CLF Brain Bank, led by Dr. Ann McKee. The Brain Bank has revolutionized how we understand the disease, with more than 500 brains donated, over 300 of which have been found to have CTE.

WHAT CAUSES CTE?
The best available evidence tells us that CTE is caused by repetitive hits to the head sustained over a period of years. This doesn’t mean a handful of concussions: most people diagnosed with CTE suffered hundreds or thousands of head impacts over the course of many years playing contact sports or serving in the military. And it’s not just concussions: the best available evidence points towards sub-concussive impacts, or hits to the head that don’t cause full-blown concussions, as the biggest factor.

 

WHO IS MOST AT RISK FOR CTE?
Every person diagnosed with CTE has one thing in common: a history of repetitive hits to the head.1 CTE is most often found in contact sport athletes and military veterans, likely because these are some of the only roles in modern life that involve purposeful, repetitive hits to the head. CTE has been found in individuals whose primary exposure to head impacts was through tackle football (200+ cases confirmed at the VA-BU-CLF Brain Bank), the military (25+ cases), hockey (20+ cases), boxing (15+ cases, 50+ globally), rugby (5+ cases), soccer (5+ cases, 10+ globally), pro wrestling (5+ cases), and, in fewer than three cases each, baseball, basketball, intimate partner violence, and individuals with developmental disorders who engaged in head banging behaviors.

Importantly, not everyone who has suffered repetitive hits to the head will develop CTE. There are several risk factors at play that make some people more prone to develop CTE than others, including:

Age of first exposure to head impacts
Athletes who begin playing contact sports at younger ages are at greater risk for CTE. Several published studies show that exposure to head impacts before age 12 is associated with worse outcomes than starting after age 12.

Length of exposure to head impacts
Athletes with longer careers playing contact sports are at greater risk than athletes with shorter careers. Among those diagnosed with CTE, athletes with longer careers are more likely to have more severe pathology than those with shorter careers.

There are very likely other risk factors that have yet to be discovered, including possible genetic differences that make some people more prone to develop CTE than others. More research will help scientists determine what those factors might be, and could help us understand how to prevent and treat the disease.

HOW IS CTE DIAGNOSED?
Currently, CTE can only be diagnosed after death through brain tissue analysis. Doctors with a specialty in brain diseases slice brain tissue and use special chemicals to make the Tau clumps visible. They then systematically search areas of the brain for Tau clumps with a unique pattern specific to CTE. The process can take several months to complete, and the analysis is not typically performed as a part of a normal autopsy. In fact, until recently there were relatively few doctors who knew how to diagnose CTE.

In 2015, researchers from the VA-BU-CLF Brain Bank, led by Dr. Ann McKee, collaborated with the National Institutes of Health to develop diagnostic criteria for CTE, so that any neuropathologist familiar with brain diseases can accurately diagnose CTE. This important work has made it possible for more and more scientists to be on the lookout for CTE, helping accelerate progress.

I SUFFERED A CONCUSSION. IS THAT GOING TO GIVE ME CTE?
One concussion in the absence of other brain trauma has never been seen to cause CTE.

The best evidence available today suggests that CTE is not caused by any single injury, but rather it is caused by years of regular, repetitive brain trauma. There are also many individuals who suffer years of head impacts, but do not develop CTE. More research will help us understand these factors in the future.

WHAT TREATMENTS EXIST FOR CTE?
Treating a disease that can’t be officially diagnosed until after death is difficult. Luckily there are lots of things that patients worried they have CTE can do to address their symptoms and find relief. Most treatments for CTE involve identifying the symptoms that are causing patients the most difficulty, and treating those symptoms with targeted therapies.

Mood changes
Mood changes, including depression, irritability, and anxiety, may be treated with cognitive behavioral therapy. Working with a cognitive behavioral therapist can help patients develop strategies that help them manage the particular mood symptoms that are causing the greatest problems.

Headaches
A variety of treatment options exist for headache, including craniosacral therapy, massage, acupuncture, or medications. Working with a doctor to determine the type of headache is helpful for determining the best treatment options.

Memory problems
Memory training exercises, including consistent note-taking strategies, can be helpful for continuing a patient’s activities of daily living, despite increasing difficulty with memory.